ARTICOLI
Чаще всего артикль (определенный или неопределенный) остается «без перевода»; это касается случаев, когда артикль выполняет формальную функцию. Однако, нередко артикль дает дополнительную смысловую нагрузку существительному, к которому он относится. Его функция в таком случае может быть передана лексическими или синтаксическими средствами или теми и другими вместе.
Рассмотрим несколько примеров:
Определенный артикль:
| Rischiamo con questo atteggiamento, di arrivare tardi anche su questi problemi, e questo non à certamente nell’interesse del NOSTRO PAESE. | Проводя подобную политику, мы рискуем оказаться позади также и в решении данных вопросов, а это, конечно, не в интересах НАШЕЙ СТРАНЫ. |
| Veniamo ALLE decisioni che il governo ha fatto approvare al parlamento. | Перейдем к тем решениям, которые были приняты парламентом по настоянию правительства. |
| Fra le decisioni di maggior rilievo è quella dell’avvio dei lavori di preparazione per la creazione di un sistema energetico unificato dei paesi membri DELL’organizzazione. | Среди наиболее важных решений – решение начать подготовительные работы для создания единой энергетической системы стран – членов ЭТОЙ организации. |
| IL regolamento del problema mediorientale contribuirà a reallizzare la distensione nel bacino mediterraneo. | УРЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ближневосточной проблемы будет способствовать разрядке напряженности в средиземноморском бассейне. |
В приведенных примерах определенный артикль выполняет указательную функцию в зависимости от контекста при переводе мы использовали для передачи этой функции: притяжательное местоимение «наша» (первое предложение, где можно было использовать также и другой вариант, а именно «…. В интересах Италии», посколько речь идет именно об этой стране), указательное местоимение «те» (второе предложение), местоимение «эта» (Третье предложение), прямой порядок слов с подлежащим на первом месте (четвертое предложение).
Неопределенный артикль:
| UN UOMO con accento irlandese aveva preannunciato làsplosione pochi minuti prima che avvenisse, in una telefonata all’agenzia di stampa P. | КАКОЙ-ТО человек с ирландским акцентом предупредил об этом по телефону за несколько минут до взрыва агентства печати П. |
| Non ha vinto UN PARTITO, né ha vinto UN FRONTE. | Победила не КАКАЯ-ТО отдельная партия и не КАКОЙ-ТО отдельный фронт. |
| UN GIORNALISTA, a questo punto, ha osservato: “Non vi sembra che…” | ОДИН журналист заметил по этому поводу: «Не кажется ли вам, что…» |
| UN GIOVANE di 17 anni è rimastoferito stasera in un coflitto a fuoco con la polizia | СЕМНАДЦАТИЛЕТНИЙ ЮНОША был ранен сегодня вечером во время перестрелки с полицией. |
| Questo è UN GESTO che potrebbe avere UN GRAN SIGNIFICATO. | Это ТАКОЙ ШАГ, который мог бы иметь большое значение. |
Неопределенный артикль в указанных случаях выполняет различные стилистические функции. В первой, третьей и четвертой фразах он подчеркивает неопределенность предмета, о котором идет речь. Для передачи этой функции неопределенности использованы лексические и синтаксические средства: неопределенно-личные местоимения – КАКОЙ-ТО человек, один ЖУРНАЛИСТ; порядок слов – четвертое предложение. Во второй и пятой фразах неопределенный артикль выполняет выделительную функцию, придавая соответствующим существительным особую стилистическую окраску, что мы постарались передать лексическими средствами: НЕ КАКАЯ-ТО ОТДЕЛЬНАЯ партия, НЕ КАКОЙ-ТО ОТДЕЛЬНЫЙ фронт; ТАКОЙ шаг.
ESERCIZI
Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на передачу функции определенного и неопределенного артикля
1. Non è in virtù di autoritiche di questo stampo che si va dalla crisi, che si risolvono i problemi con cui (con i quali) IL PAESE deve oggi fare i conti.
2. L’INIZIATIVA dei partiti comunisti cade nel momento in cui (nel quale) l’interesse attorno ai problemi della condizione feminile è sottolineato dalla decisione dell’ONU di fare del 1975 l’anno internazione della donna.
3. L’ANNUNCIO è stato diffuso dalla TASS.
4. In seguito ad una perquisizione compiuta in UN APPARTAMENTO di via Mercadante, gli agenti della polizia hanno trovato un mitra con caricatore e cartucce.
TRADUCETE DAL RUSSO ALL’ITALIANO
LA PREPOSIZIONE CON
- Погода была плохая, поэтому мы предпочли остаться дома
- У нас был такой требовательный учитель, что мы старались изо всех сил.
- При такой безработице ему будет нелегко найти работу
- Уровень моего английского не позволяет мне работать устным переводчиком.
- На мои деньги дачу не купишь
- С таким акцентом нелегко привыкнуть к итальянской речи
- Мы с братом и сестрой ходили в школу по улице, на которой был супермаркет
QUELLO, CIO
- Ученикам было трудно привыкнуть к учителям средней школы, которые заметно отличались от учителей начальной школы.
- Школа, в которой я учился, находилась рядом со школой, в которой учился мой друг.
- Все, что Онегин читал в книгах, наводило на него тоску
- Жизнь в моем городке текла неспешно, в столице же жизнь была бурная, было полно машин, воздух загрязнен, люди замкнуты
- Все, что мать готовила на завтрак, я съедал в один присест (di colpo).
- Чтобы расширить кругозор, я читал все, что попадалось под руку
- Теперь я не общаюсь со своими давнишними друзьями, если не считать друзей, которых я смог приобрести, будучи студентом университета, тех, кто всегда ценил нашу дружбу.
- Я всегда говорил то, что думал
PER ESPRIMERE UN’ABITUDINE
- «Я никогда не стоял там, где можно было сидеть, и никогда не сидел там, где можно было лежать” (Уинстон Черчилль)
- Он часами смотрел в окно, наблюдая за прохожими
- Я всегда любил итальянскую пиццу
- Мы всегда уезжали на лето за границу
- Я всегда ходил в этот ресторан. Он мне очень нравится, здесь хорошо кормят
- Он всегда был скрытным
- Она всегда держала кур и цыплят, так что, если тебе нужны яйца, она тебе даст и дюжину, и две
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